Don Norman s The Design Of Everyday Things - 902 Words

I scribbled context in the margins, for what seemed like the umpteenth time. I was reading Don Norman’s The Design of Everyday Things, a design classic. I’m a big fan of taking notes as I read (nerd alert). I’ll write down my thoughts and key phrases to help me understand the essence of the author’s message. So I kept writing context in Norman’s book. Why is context so important in design and how can we effectively understand it? First, I’ll unpack the case for considering context. What I propose is nothing particularly revolutionary, but nonetheless of utmost importance: you need to understand the circumstances that surround your product in order to effectively design it. What does the scene look like where your product is being used? Are your users in the comfort of their own homes or out on the streets? In a rush or taking their time? Starved or well fed? Let’s take a look at the context of Uber users, for example. What’s the scene? You’re typically in a city, trying to get somewhere as efficiently as possible. You know, you’re antsy to get to Johnny’s pregame. The design of the Uber app reflects this: you’ll only have to press a few buttons to get your ride. When it comes, you’ll understand at exactly what time you’re going to make it to Johnny’s pregame. There are a couple of ways to paint a picture of context. At first, it might be easy and practical to visualize and imagine the experience of your users. Taking a peek into my routine for packing forShow MoreRelatedEmotional Design : Why We Love Or Hate Everyday Things1723 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional design is all about how designers can design products that elicit desired emotions, for example super cars are often designed to look very aggressive and menacing and have often been anthropomorphized so we can relate to them on a biological level, this in tern makes us feel scared and afraid. Don Norman the author of â€Å"Emotional Design: Why we love or hate everyday things† (2003) found that a lot of everyday products are designed without any emotion he says a lot of everyday objects areRead MoreIphone : A Common Sense Approach1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat involve bending the law and attacking the reputation of rivals. The advancement of the development of new technologies during the past decade is a result of fierce competition between many companies in the mobile industry. While some of a company s efforts are focused on the development of new features or upgrades to existing technology, many of them are focused on taking down competition by any means necessary. These companies gain a following by attempting to sabotage the reputation of theirRead MoreMy First Child By Anne Smith Essay2398 Words   |  10 Pagescan be easily stored away. You find a stroller you like but are hesitant in buying it because the price is a little much. You leave the store with out purchasing the stroller and drive to the next store where you find a bit cheaper stroller, but you don t purchase it in hopes of finding a stroller that is a bit more durable. After hours of driving around (since there are no GPS or google maps) and shopping you finally find a stroller that you love and purchase it. Now fast forward twenty-six yearsRead MoreWearable Technology3348 Words   |  14 Pagesrelated to the fields of both ubiquitous computing and human-computer interaction. With ubiquitous computing, wearable computing is used to interweave technology into the everyday life, making technology pervasive and interaction frictionless. Through the history and development of wearable computing, the vision of technology in the everyday life has been affirmed through multiple projects directed at either enhancing or extending functionality of clothing, recently notable through devices like the NikeRead MoreThe Roller Coaster Is More Than Just A Thrill Ride3412 Words   |  14 Pagesthe majority of the population thinks of this common ride all it s known for is the excitement, butterflies, long waits in line, the speed and memories that come with it. It seems no one could name where the first roller coaster was built, how they came about, or even any of the simple physics involved. In realit y, the Roller Coaster is more than just a thrill ride, it is all parts of physics including momentum, inertia, Newton s Laws,and friction. It is a symbol of dedication of its creator, safetyRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesResearch Group 70 Cortez Plastics 71 L. P. Manning Corporation 72 Project Firecracker 74 56 CONTENTS Phillip Condit and Boeing 777: From Design and Development to Production and Sales 81 AMP of Canada (A) 105 AMP of Canada (B) (see handout provided by instructor) AMP of Canada (C) (see handout provided by instructor) Lipton Canada 118 Riverview Children s Hospital 124 The Evolution of Project Management at Quixtar 145 3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CULTURES 151 Como Tool and Die (A) 153 ComoRead MoreDifficulties in Learning the English Language8069 Words   |  33 Pageseither children who have a learning disability or those who do not have any disability but still show learning difficulties in the foreign language.† Both of them emphasizes that a person is as proficient in as a native individual of that language s base country, or as proficient as the average person who speaks no other language but that language, more commonly known as the ‘mother tongue’. Paradigm of the Study As a method of presentation of the research paradigm, the researcher made theRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pagesand symbols required by cuneiform were replaced by 20 or 30 easily learned signs. - The creation of the alphabet may have been an act of geography. - The oldest known examples of the Early or Old Hebrew alphabet date from around 1000BC. - The design of Arabic letters changes with the position within a word. - After the Latin alphabet, Arabic is the most widely used alphabet today. - The Aramaic alphabet is believed to be the predecessor of the scripts used in India. - The Greeks adopted theRead MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 PagesAppraisal Signiï ¬ cant Job Segments Standards of Performance 3. The Appraisal and the Interview The Appraisal Process Preparing for the Appraisal Interview Conducting the Appraisal Interview vii xiii xv 1 5 25 49 v vi C ON TE NT S 4. The Performance Improvement Plan Preparing an Effective Plan 5. On-the-Job Coaching The Effective Coach Coaching Approaches and Techniques 6. Five Program Requirements An Effective Performance Review Program Posttest Test Answers and Reasons forRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 PagesResources The Design of the Tax System Market outcomes are not always efficient, and governments can sometimes remedy market failure. To fund programs, governments raise revenue through their tax systems, which are designed with an eye toward balancing efficiency and equity. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial

The Holocaust During World War II - 1934 Words

The decision of the United Nations to relinquish the western portion of Palestine, present day Israel, to the surviving Jewish population was a direct result of the Holocaust during World War II, which not only stimulated religious unrest in Europe, but also the rest of the world. With the German Dictator, Adolf Hitler, and his rise to power in 1933, a period of despair and fear for the Jewish population throughout Europe erupted. As Adolf Hitler commenced his plan to build the perfect German race, he set forth the motion of a mass extinction of the Jewish population, known as The Holocaust. The Holocaust lasted from 1933 to the end of World War II and had taken the lives of over 12 million Jews and any other inferior races that were seen as a plague to mankind. The decimation to the Jewish population was severely expedited when World War II began as part of Hitler’s Final Solution, which placed many Jews in concentration, work or death camps. After the end of the war the Unit ed Nations was formed to replace the obsolete and incompetent League of Nations and to maintain peace around the world. The U.N. was given control of the territory of Palestine from the British and after much consideration on November 29th of 1947 the UN Resolution 181 was passed, which created a Jewish State and a state for Palestine. As a result of the U.N. Resolution 181 immediate conflict emerged throughout Asia, eventually proliferating across the world and impacting the ideology of many modern dayShow MoreRelatedThe Holocaust During World War II1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Holocaust was an event that took place from 1933 to 1945 in Germany. During this time, Adolf Hitler was in charge, resulting in the prejudice actions that are well written in history. Facing economic, social, and political oppression, thousands of German Jews wanted to flee, but found few countries wanting to take them in. Eventually, under Hitler’s leadership, some 6 million Jews were murdered duri ng World War II. In this time period the Nazi’s waged a war against the Jews and other races thatRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1356 Words   |  6 PagesDuring World War II, the world witnessed unspeakable acts of violence, particularly that of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a mass genocide primarily of, but not limited to, the Jewish population in Germany, and other countries that were controlled by Germany. From 1941 to 1945, the Jews were targeted and methodically murdered because of Hitler’s views of his Utopian society made up of an Aryan a race. Hitler fought to create this society through creating an anti-Semitic movement, his motivationRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II927 Words   |  4 Pagesshaped the world into what it is today. With the passing of yet another Veterans Day, people were reminded of the extraordinary sacrifices made by ordinary men and women who were unfortunate enough to have lived during times when their nations were at war. Many ordinary citizens lost their lives as a result of the war, just as soldiers did. While some survivors simply lived out their post war lives, others survived and influenced the world. One person who survived the atrocities of the Holocaust duringRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 million of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Holocaust is well known around the world, and many people do not realize the devastation and the technology that was used in that time. What we knew before was that the Holocaust resulted in the death of six million jews, and was controlled by the Nazi Regime. Adolf Hitler was the dictator of Germany and came up with the Final Solution, a plan to exterminate all the people of Jewish faith or race during World War II. This then brought in the concept of concentration camps. Concentration campsRead MoreThe During World War II And Holocaust897 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many questions as to why the Nazis decided to do what they did to the Jews, gays, and ill during World War II and Holocaust. Nazis after the Holocaust had been interviewed by psychologists, such as Leon Goldensohn and p sychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich, to see and try to better understand the reasons behind Fascism and why these acts were performed. Leon Goldensohn was an American psychiatrist and also one of the prison psychiatrists at Nuremberg that helped perform the interviews on prisonersRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn his novel, Night, Elie Wiesel recounts the horrific experiences that he faced as a survivor of the Holocaust during World War II. The following passage presents the impossible struggle to maintain a decent quality of life in the face of war: We received no food. We lived on snow; it took the place of bread. The days resembled nights, and the nights left in our souls the dregs of their darkness. The train rolled slowly, often halted for a few hours, and continued. It never stopped snowing. We remainedRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II901 Words   |  4 Pagesour elders, because they have authority over the world since they have been here the longest. We were raised to comply with the demand of someone who had authority over us. According to Patricia Werhane (1), â€Å"In the early1960’s Stanley Milgram undertook his noteworthy study of human obedience to authority. Puzzled by the question of how otherwise decent people could knowingly contribute to the massive genocide of the Holocaust during World War II, Milgram designed an experiment that sought to causeRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1720 Words   |  7 PagesIrania De La O Grade 8 The Holocaust Eleven million innocent people died and many did not know what they did or why it was happening to them (Rice 11). The Holocaust happened because of the Germans after World War 2 thought that the reason that their economy was falling down was because of Jewish people. The Holocaust followed the Ladder of Prejudice is a started with speech and moved its way up to â€Å"The Final Solution† also known as extermination. Hitler did not start with killing Jews. He killedRead MoreThe Holocaust And The Nazi Regime During World War II Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The Second World War is seen by the modern world to be the most famous war that shaped the communities of the world today, but for the Jewish community in Europe at the time this was the war to fight for their own existence. The Holocaust was the systematic extinction of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Of the millions of Jewish people that lost their lives there were many that did resist and did escape the Nazism and Nazi racial policy that was conducted on the

Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students Free Essays

The purpose of educational research workers on alternate appraisals in assorted professional instruction publications were to carry general pedagogues toward collaborative instruction by supplying analytical research to back up general instruction for particular needs pupils. â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † examines the variables of instructor perceptual experiences that may consequence the cogency of alternate appraisal in respects to particular needs pupils ( Roach, A.R. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Elliott, S.N. , Berndt, S. , 2007 ) . R.J. Kettler and the research squad stated in their article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? that the consequences from their survey back up the adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers as steps for academic accomplishment for particular needs pupils. Introduction Many public schools and private schools are exchanging their schoolrooms and schoolroom directions to collaborative learning squad attack ( CTT ) . Collaborative learning squads consist of two instructors, one general instruction instructor, and the other, a particular instruction instructor. Together, they plan their educational strategic lessons and schoolroom direction to turn to the demands of their pupils, which included pupils with particular demands. These particular demands may besides include English as Second Language ( ESL ) and/or English Language Learners ( ELL ) pupils. Some instructors are for the alteration and others are against it. To justified collaborative instruction squads ( CTT ) , many research articles were written to carry instructors that collaborative learning squads are successful. For this article, two research articles about alternate appraisal for particular needs pupils from well-established diaries were chosen to confirm or non confirm the usage of c ollaborative instruction squads. Although two research articles about curative appraisal will non confirm the usage of this strategic educational attack, the articles will give some penetration for or against the CTT enterprise. The first article, â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † written by Andrew T. Roach, Stephen N. Elliott, and Sandra Berndt, focused on the analysis of mensurating the instructor ‘s perceptual experience in respects to the alternate appraisal for particular need pupils. Research workers were concern about how the instructors ‘ perceptual experience affects the result of the alternate appraisal when given to particular needs pupils ( Roach, Elliott, Berndt, 2007 ) . The research workers were concern about the attitudes instructors develop when they have to take the clip and pass the alleged ‘extra energy ‘ to administrate the alternate appraisals. Alternate appraisals are given when the particular needs pupils are non able to take the academic appraisals. The alternate appraisal ( AA ) must run into the province ‘s criterions before being administer ed to pupils. In the 2nd article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? A multitrait-multimethod analysis † from Ryan J. Kettler and the research squad were more concern about ‘what ‘ the alternate appraisal steps. They were concern about what the AA really measures in footings of academic abilities and adaptative behaviours such as societal accomplishments, physical accomplishments, etc. To happen out the ‘what ‘ , the research workers used the ‘multitrait-multimethod analysis ‘ attack to acquire the replies. The consequences from the research were that â€Å" the AA reading and math tonss may reflect a unitary concept, the AA tonss are extremely related to adaptative behaviour and academic competency and accomplishment, and all these tonss represent an unique but overlapping concepts ( Kettler, Elliott, et. al. , 2010 ) . † Before analyzing the consequences of this research, the first article about instructors ‘ perceptual experience about alternate appraisals will be discussed. Teacher Perceptions and the Consequential Validity of an Alternate Assessment for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities The consequences of this research may bespeak little sums of fluctuations of diminution positive attitudes/perceptions toward alternate appraisals among particular instruction instructors harmonizing to the pupil grade degree. To mensurate these consequences, the research workers created the WAA ( Wisconsin Alternative Assessment ) Teacher Survey – a paper and pencil study was given to instructors ( 4th, 8th, and 10th classs ) to finish and portion their perceptual experiences refering the WAA procedure and consequences. The consequences suggested that instructors were â€Å" by and large ambivalent to slightly positive. † Some reserves about the clip required to finish the appraisal were reported but the most of import find was that the study revealed the arrested development of positive perceptual experiences about the WAA procedure as pupil class degree advanced. Harmonizing to the research consequences, â€Å" there were no extra forecaster variable accounted for a important proportion of the fluctuation in instructors ‘ response on the WAA Teacher Survey ( Roach, A.R. , Elliot, S.N. , Brendt, S. , 2007 ) . † Although the research workers mentioned assorted restrictions about this research including geographic influence, the one major failing about this research is the answerability of the instructors ‘ perceptual experiences about the AA throughout the school twelvemonth. Teachers may show their feelings at the minute while taking the study. Emotions/attitudes and perceptual experiences do fluctuate throughout the school twelvemonth and there are many variables to act upon them. To corroborate the consequences, research workers of this undertaking will necessitate to take studies throughout the school twelvemonth and a few old ages subsequently to acquire a echt read on the instructor ‘s perceptual experiences about the AA. What Do Alternate Appraisals of Alternate Academic Achievement Standards Measure? A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis Before analyzing the consequences of this research, the research attack needs to be understood to understand the consequences. What is the ‘multitrait-multimethod ‘ attack? The multitrait-multimethod ( MTMM ) attack is an integrative, multivariate ( many variables ) model for research intents. Teachers can consistently garner valid information and discriminate or distinguish it in a individual survey. The research survey consisted of the followers: Multiple Traits – Academic public presentation, Academic accomplishments, Academic enablers ( â€Å" for example, societal accomplishments, survey accomplishments, motive, and battle ) are student attitudes and behaviours that facilitate a pupil ‘s engagement in, and benefit from academic direction in the schoolroom † ( DiPerna, J.C. 2008 ) Adaptive behaviour Multiple Methods – Individually administered accomplishment trials Teacher completed evaluation graduated tables This peculiar survey was more comprehensive as it focused on faculty members and non perceptual experiences and it involved many provinces, non merely one remarkable province. The consequences indicated that AAs had common measurings with the related traits like adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers, significance, instructors will construe such findings as steps of academic accomplishment peculiarly for pupils with the most terrible cognitive disablements. The instructors will merely hold to do certain to go on doing the AA measures what it suppose to mensurate and non let it to mensurate adaptative behaviour, therefore, going more and more academic ( Kettler, et. al. , 2010 ) . Decision It is compulsory for particular pupils to take these alternate appraisals in order to carry through the province ‘s authorization but in malice of it, instructors should go on to educate pupils with particular demands for every twenty-four hours life, as this is necessary for their endurance. Harmonizing the writers, many instructors, irrespective of the legislative attempts, in peculiar collaborative instruction squads and such, to concentrate on answerability for pupil acquisition in the nucleus academic topics, opt to keep a hard balance between academic accomplishments and non-academic accomplishments in their schoolroom direction. The valorous attempts of schoolroom instructors to supply non-academic accomplishments for pupils of important disablements to populate successful unrecorded exterior of schools are indispensable ( Kettler, R.J. , et. al. , 2010 ) . On the other manus and based on experiences working in CTT schoolrooms, it is recommended for future research to take into consideration the possible harmful effects of personality clashing of learning squads and it effects on the pupils. In add-on, research can be done on the kineticss of learning squads in the daily operations of the schoolroom, and the kineticss between the pupils and the instructors ( separately and jointly ) in order to heighten the research workers ‘ persuasion for collaborative instruction squads in general instruction schoolrooms. How to cite Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students, Essay examples

Tax Reforms Will Hurt Family The Businesses â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Tax Reforms Will Hurt Family The Businesses? Answer: Introducation The purpose of the given article is to present a critical analysis of the proposed tax reforms that the Canadian government has proposed in relation to the small firms. While the government states that these small firms which mostly consist of family businesses tend to exploit the existing tax system and hence aims to plug the existing loopholes to prevent systemic abuse. However, the article aims to indicate that this would adversely impact the small businesses especially those in the agriculture sector which tend to need encouragement in the form of tax incentives. Thus, through the various arguments, it aims to bring to the notice of the government that it should be selective in implementation of the tax reform and the objective should not be mere political gimmick but to actually plug the tax loopholes where they actually exist rather than assuming all businesses as similar entities(Charlebois). The article has been written so as to highlight that it would be wrong on the government to view all small business as greedy tax evaders particularly in the wake of declining businesses. Thus, while the government intends to plug the existing loopholes, it should be sector specific and should be clearer so as to avoid confusion and also ensure that the small entrepreneurs are not discouraged. Further, the author also intends to highlight the plight of the agriculture sector particularly by reference to the falling operations in the recent times and thereby making the case for fiscal incentives being provided for these rural businesses as the proposed tax reforms would adversely impact these rural businesses(Charlebois). For the purpose of the article, small farms which essentially are family owned have been sampled. This is apparent as the current article relates to the impact of the proposed tax reforms on these businesses. It is noteworthy that the impact of these reforms would not be limited to only these agricultural farms but would extend to various small businesses in various sectors. However, in order to put forward the argument that the author considers worthy, the focus has been put on these farms. Hence, for the given article, there firms are being sampled and family businesses belonging to the agriculture sector have been selected to drive home the point that the author wishes to extend in relation to the impact of the proposed tax reforms of the government(Charlebois). A particular line graph tends to highlight the declining agriculture operations over time. Hence, one of the variable is the time (or most specific year) while the other variable is the number of operations (in thousands). Also, there is another graph which tends to represent the province wise breakup of the farms. Here one variable is the province while the other variable is the number of farms in thousands at present. Further, on a provincial basis, the average farm area has been represented. Besides, a particular statistic also captures the farm types in accordance with their respective representation. The objective of the above representation is to represent an overview of the agricultural farms on a provincial level and simultaneously to indicate the falling agriculture operations across Canada(Charlebois). The collection of the data has been carried out using the statistics available from 2016 Census of Agriculture which has been obtained from Statistics Canada(Charlebois). Hence, the data used for this article is secondary as the researcher has used the data which has been collected by another agency. Had the researcher himself collected this data, then it would have been termed as primary. For the given article, the secondary data from reliable government sources is highly recommended. The given article does have some conclusions which are as stated below(Charlebois). The current tax reform proposed by the government would have an adverse impact on small businesses and entrepreneurship in general. One of the worst sectors affected would be agriculture which is already on the decline. Hence, the government needs to be sensitive and should not view all the small businesses with a single lens of being tax evaders and greedy businesses. The government has failed with regards to communicating the implications of the current tax reform and also differentiating the urban and the rural businesse Reference Charlebois, Sylvain. "Down on the farm: tax reforms will hurt family businesses." 22 September 2017. The Conversation. 25 September 2017 https://theconversation.com/down-on-the-farm-tax-reforms-will-hurt-family-businesses-84505

The Media Coverage Of Hurricane Katrina Essay Example For Students

The Media Coverage Of Hurricane Katrina Essay In the early morning hours on August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast of the United States devastating the coastal line from central Florida to Texas driving many residents from their homes and causing them to flee for their lives. This paper will address concerns of racism that was found in the media coverage of Hurricane Katrina’s aftermath and then compare and contrast ethical issues in the publishing of two extremely controversial photos. Lastly, this paper will critically analyze the role that the media has in our culture and how the role the media plays can impact social change within our society. Issues of racism that was used in the media coverage, especially in light of the widely controversial photo captions, can be clearly seen when examining the two photos wherein one photo a black man is presumed to be looting whereas in the second photo take a white couple are presumed to be finding food (Sommers, Apfelbaum, Dukes, Toosi, and Wang, 2006, p. 40). We will write a custom essay on The Media Coverage Of Hurricane Katrina specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It was because of this opinionated stereotype by the media that the general public determined the general idea that the black residents of the community were stealing and rioting. Additionally, the language and tone of the reporter lead readers and viewers directly to most of the assumptions made by the rest of the world (Sommers, Apfelbaum, Dukes, Toosi, and Wang, 2006, p. 40). Additionally, Because of the general precipitance of the public and the stereotyping â€Å"many false claims went unchallenged† (Voorhees, 2007, p. 416).In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, many residents had been driven out of their homes scrambling for food, water, and shelter. The following day after Hurricane Katrina had completely destroyed the coastal line levels residents can be. .ly, the nature of the activity in the two photos that were presented was misconstrued by the reporter through assumption or by intentional misguidance and the ethics involving the Potters Box was never applied. As I look back on this project I found researching this subject to be both interesting and challenging in addition to learning about the underlying issues of racism in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. However, this assignment took me deeper as I began to look at other areas where it was possible that the media had manipulated the truth to achieve a hidden agenda. This project also reminded me of the old saying, do judge a book by its cover. I was additionally reminded that we should never take anything for granted and to always research items of interest for ourselves because if we don’t we are only viewing the subject through another person’s perspective.

The High Renaissance, Bramante essays

The High Renaissance, Bramante essays The heroic vision of the High Renaissance artists and their patrons is shared, even aroused, by their wealthy patrons who set out to better the ancients. In Rome and Milan artists and architects are commissioned to aggrandize the triumphs of popes and princes, dynasties and The Church. Bramante led in his field to the realization of a powerful new scope for knowledge, representation and building. Science virtuosity, classicism, expressiveness and Neoplatonism are all celebrated in their work. Examine in this contention in the work of Bramante and show how it advances modernism. Bramantes architectural designs from the High Renaissance were crucial in the development and expression of Modernism in building designs. Over the preceding three hundred years before the High renaissance, there was a reemergence of Humanist philosophies. Starting with the teachings of St Francis of Assisi (1182-1226) there began a renewed interest human dignity inspired by Christian virtue. Developing from this in the Early Renaissance, through economic prosperity of city-states in northern modern day Italy, especially, and the rediscovery of classical Roman ideals through writing, art and architecture Humanism became a popular scholarly secular pursuit. Christianity and Humanism were studied to complement one another resulting in a type of Neoplatonism. By the time of the High Renaissance the expression of Humanistic and Christian ideals are clearly displayed in many Artists work of the time and in fact go beyond the original intents of Humanism and Christianity to develop a ph ilosophy and style that is unique to the Renaissance. This essay will explore how Bramante expressed these new ideas and how they were crucial in the development of Modernism. Born in Urbino, Bramante (1444-1514) initially studied as a painter. On moving to Milan in 1481 and working court with Leonardo he moved from painting and began designing buildings. Whi...

Lewis and Clark from the Native Americans perspective Research Paper

Lewis and Clark from the Native Americans perspective - Research Paper Example The Native Americans were poorly interpreted and failure to see their unique, cultural and historical existence. This came about because the trail they traversed had distinct cultures, dialects and tribal associations (National Geographic, 2013). The Native Americans formed part of the success of the expedition. Drouillard and Sacagawea were hired by Lewis to provide extensive support at different points of the trip. Drouillard was a hunter and a specialist in Indian sign semantics and local dialects while Sacagawea was a transcriber. Both helped save the mission as they helped in the provision of crucial necessities such as horses from the Shoshone tribe, canoes, medicines and valuable goods. The travelers' safety was not guaranteed during their expedition and Sacagawea played the role of ensuring their full safety, as was the case when the group came into contact with the Indian tribes. The Rocky Mountains were exhausting and formidable especially during the 11 day crossing in the snow led by Old Toby. The Mandan villages provided shelter and fortitude during the winter of 1804-1805 when they allowed the travelling team to build a fort amidst them. the villagers were friendly and provided food for the team. It is during this period that Lewis and Clark's life was saved from the Nez tribe that wanted to kill them. The two were saved through the intervention of an old woman who lived in the Mandan village. The chiefs from different tribes who provided friendly connections with other tribes further enhanced the success of their expedition. Without this, the voyage would have probably ended before it would have started (National Geographic, 2013) As is evident, Lewis & Clark met different tribes during their journey, and who provided help at each and every stage of the journey. Their first encounter was with the Oto Indian tribe, whose six chiefs who they honored with clothes and a flag. In return, the chiefs acknowledged their conquest and granted them access to pass through their lands. The Mandans and Hidatsas tribes from the North Dakota Territory insisted on the significance of using horses. These, according to this tribe, would be helpful in the transportation of cargo and speed up the journey as compared to travelling on foot. The neighboring tribes were generous enough to trade food stuffs and arrange for guides who gave information on the way ahead. The good relations with the tribes of the Colombia and Snake rivers proved to be useful as they provided food and quick passages through their lands. Along the journey, Lewis & Clark also met the North West, Plain and Plateau Indians with whom they shared an analogous cultural lifestyle and heritage. The Sioux, Crow and Mandans tribes were nomadic while few resided in villages. Those who lived in the country of the Colombian river were hunters, fishermen of salmon and subsistence agriculturalists. Despite the various friendly tribes, the travelers also met up with hostile tribes on thei r way to the Pacific Ocean. Such a tribe was the Blackfeet Indians, who were notorious for being hostile to intruders. The members of this tribe were equipped with rifles and sought to get more from the expeditionists. In the heat of the moment, Lewis and Reuben slew a Blackfeet warrior sparking a war between the tribe and envoys of the federal government. They also had an unfortunate encounter with the Yankton Sioux and Omaha tribes (National Geograp

Macroeconomic problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Macroeconomic problem - Essay Example The amount of money supplied by the government fixed by Fed hence making it perfectly inelastic. b) In our situation, the equilibrium interest rate will be 5.8% as this is the point of intersection of the supply curve and the money demand curve. C) When the economy is at full employment, an increase in money supply will not result in an increase in the output. In this case, the increased money supplied will result in increased level of inflation. The excess money pumped in the economy will chase the same quantity of goods and services thereby making their prices to inflate. Normally, the increases in the money supply is intended to stimulate economic growth by reducing the level of interest rates (Floyd 58). In the case of full employment, all the resources are already utilized and the increased money supplied will not achieve the intended purpose of increasing production level. Besides, the increased inflation will make the local currency unstable and discourage foreign investors fr om holding the local currency. This can adversely affect the investment levels and increase the economic problems. Fed decision to increase money supply can be propelled by several factors. First, an increase in money supply can be aimed at increasing the level of expenditure in the economy. By increasing the level of money supply, the government will increase the amount of wealth held by individuals. This makes them increase their expenditure to stimulate economic growth. Money spent in both consumption and investment will increase because of the increase in the disposable income (Floyd 63). Individuals will as well increase the proportion of their investments in bonds, as they will use the excess money to buy bonds and shares in the capital markets. Secondly, Fed can decide to increase the money supply to stimulate investments. An increase in money supply will result in a fall in the nominal interest rates, which will further result in the fall in the real interest rates. Due to t he fall in interest rates, the cost of borrowings will be reduced. Potential investors will therefore be encouraged to borrow and acquire capital necessary in pursuing their investment plans. Consequently, the increased investments will increase the level of employment because of the increased economic activities. Sometimes, the government through Fed can decide to increase the level of money supply to cause an increase the price levels by a desirable margin. According to the quantity theory of money, price levels depend directly on the money supply. In the long-run therefore, an increase in money supply will result in an increase in the price level by equal proportion. Fed can have this objective during the period of recession or depression when the level of economic activities is low to stimulate economic activities and increase the quantity of purchases. In addition, a decrease in the interest rates will increase the demand of the local currency hence cause depreciation in the cu rrency. This is because in an open economy, interest rates parity must always be preserved. This will cause the currency to fall with a further expectation that it will fall faster in the future. The depreciation in the local currency will make the cost of local goods cheaper and attractive thereby causing a surge in both the foreign and local demand (Floyd

Gender and Politeness in an ESL Language Academic Context Research Paper

Gender and Politeness in an ESL Language Academic Context - Research Paper Example Politeness made by non-native English speakers varies depending on the language background of an individual. This may be studied through ranking and contextualizing conditions. The use of semantic features is key in this analysis in the theoretical literature. There exists a correlation between native English speakers and non-natives. When it comes to politeness there is an evident perception of the high level of politeness among non-native speakers than native speakers. This is an indication of oversensitivity to semantic distinction forms. The hierarchy of politeness indicates that there should be different grammatical patterns emphasis when handling natives and non-natives in an educational environment (Leavell & Hong-Nam 2006). There are cultural values that still implicit in a composition of non-native authors. Through a review of four principles of and practices, the individualism of the non-native authors may be determined in terms of voice, critical thinking and peer reviews of the texts. A comparison of the findings made with those of native indicates a variation in politeness. The cultural approaches adopted by non-native speakers may not comport with the principles and practices in different ways. The cross-cultural writing research rationale leads to self-knowledge of non- native speakers. In writings done by non-native speakers, there are often inappropriate elements evident in the pieces of writing according to judgments made by teachers or lecturers who are native speakers. An analysis of essays written by non-native speakers supports the view that the aspect of politeness dominates among non-native speakers. The choice of words with unintended results does not depict rationality for readers. The advancement of factual claims in linguistics within the word sentence and beyond indicates politeness. Through a study that involves investigations on interaction styles, videotaped compositions for non-English native speakers was conducted. This was don e for consecutive weeks and the individual videotaped were met for interviews. This was done for Chinese and Spanish speaking students for comparison. A recursive examination of the patterns and themes in the language command and characteristics for the students was done (Atkinson & Ramanathan 1999). The Chinese scripts reflected a social goal while in maintaining harmony in the group. This included a high level of politeness in the group. The Chinese students always appear to be reluctant in initiating comments. At any point they made comments they appeared to be careful about making mistakes in their composition and speech. The monitoring of self-led to the evasion of criticism from peers who are native speakers. They also appeared to avoid disagreement with comments made by peers in the writing. The reason behind the position taken by non- native speakers is the lack of confidence among the students compared to other students who are native speakers. The Chinese students opt to u se polite words for acceptance among peers. The language learning strategy applied by students who are not English native speakers include the application of different linguistic backgrounds and culture. The key consideration is the interpersonal communication skills that encompass knowledge in cognitive academic language proficiency. There are differences applied across gender and nationality in becoming proficient in English. According to Snow, Met, & Genesee (2012), the use of metacognitive strategies and memory strategies aids in the learning process.     Ã‚  

The Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay

The Light Emitting Diodes Engineering Essay History of lighting devices starts with low efficient incandescent lamps, then next came the CFL lamp. In the history of lighting devices, invention of LED was a turning point Light Emitting Diode or simply LED is an electronic device, which emits light when electricity passes through it. LED has a number of different uses in day to day life. Its uses varies from a simple power on indicator to indicator to traffic signals. LED uses about 10% of the energy traditional light bulb uses and they can last about thirty times longer.LED lights are highly efficient and cost effective. Nano technology has its own role to play in lighting devices history. Invention of quantum dots and ionic liquids changed the face of lighting industry. Quantum Dots LEDs were manufactured using quantum dots particles. QLEDs offer better luminescence than normal LED lights. Introduction of Ionic Liquids (IL) was another turning point. Still in the beginning stage, Ionic Liquids offer a better solution to the world of lighting devices. 2. Light Emitting Diodes (LED) A Light Emitting Diode or LED is a semi-conductor device which can be used as a light-source. Semiconductors are neither a good conductor nor an insulator. Semiconductors are made up of semiconducting materials like Silicon or Germanium. A diode (also called as a PN junction diode) has two terminals, anode(a) and cathode (k), anode is a positive terminal and cathode is negative terminal- which allows electric current to pass only in one direction. A semiconductor diode can be compared to a switch or a one-way valve. A Light Emitting Diode emits light when electric current passes through it. The colour emitted by an LED depends on the type of semiconductor material used for its construction. Common colours available for LEDs are green, red, orange, blue, yellow and white. Aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInp) alloy is used for obtaining red, yellow and orange lights. Indium gallium nitride (IaGaN) is used for getting blue, green and white lights. White and Blue LEDs are more expensive than other colours. Apart from the above colours, Infra Red LEDS (also called IREDs-Infra Red Emitting Diodes) and Ultra Violet LEDs are also available. Staring into an Ultra Violet LEDS is harmful to the eyes. 3. Quantum dot LEDs (QLEDs) Quantum Dots are very small crystals, in nanotechnology terminology, they are nano particles of semiconductor materials, usually its diameter varies between 2 and 10 nano meters. Quantum dot particles were discovered in early 80s by Louis Brus at Bell Laboratories. A Quantum Dot can contain either a single electron or thousands of electrons. Generally quantum dots are made from the sulphides or selenides of semi conductor materials like Zinc or Cadmium. Quantum dots electronic and optical characters are related to the size and shape of each particles. When energy is applied (under excitation), electrons get energized and moved to higher bands, and when electrons get back to the stable state, the additional energy is emitted as light corresponding to a certain frequency. Its narrow emission spectrum is directly proportional to the size of the crystal. Smaller particles give a blue shifted emission and larger particles give a red shifted emission. Using a technique called size quantization effect, quantum dots can be tuned to produce any colour during manufacturing. Quantum dot LEDs (QLED or QD LED) are devices which use quantum dots as their light emitting material. These dots are excited when electricity is applied and emits light according to the size of the dots. Larger dots produce more energy levels and darker colours and smaller dots create smaller energy levels and emits lighter colour shades. Gold or silver nano particles are very versatile materials whose diameter varies from 1nm to 100nm. Gold nano particles are comparatively smaller that of Silicon Quantum Dots. And it s experimentally proven that, smaller particles generate better fluorescence than that of larger particles. So, Quantum Dot LEDs manufactured from gold or silver nano particles increases the luminescence. 4. Ionic liquids (IL) Ionic liquid is the salt form of any material in liquid state. Ionic liquids are liquid salts. Ionic liquids are made up of, ions (charged atoms) or ion pairs. These ions or ion pairs are poorly coordinated in the liquid. This poor coordination of ions results in the liquid from below 100 °C. Ionic liquids are also known as liquid electrolytes or ionic fluids. When a salt melts without decomposing, it results to an Ionic Liquid. Ionic bond is much more stronger than the bond between the normal Van der Waals forces in the molecules. Ionic liquid changes its form to ionic solid when it gets cooled. Ionic solids are seen in two forms, crystalline and glassy. At low temperature, ionic liquids acts like ionic solutions, which is a combination of both ions and neutral molecules. Ionic liquids are also called designer solvents, because they are manufacturing in the lab for specific purpose. Properties of ionic liquids are they dont evaporate, and it is a good conductor of electricity, and it dissolves almost everything. The reason for their non-evaporate property is their non-volatile nature. So, Ionic liquids can replace some acids and organic solvents. Ionic liquids are used for electro polishing, metal plating, extracting metals from rocks. Applications for Ionic liquids are storage for chemical cells, batteries, fuel cells and electro chronic devices for displays, cellulose processing, used as dispersants agents in paints, for gas handling and storage, for natural fuel processing, in food and bio-product industries, in recycling of plastic and synthetic wastes etc. 5. Turn-On Time Turn on time or rise time is the time required by a signal to change from low state to high state. The time it takes for the output of a system to change from a specified small percentage (usually 5 or 10) of its steady-state increment to a specified large percentage (usually 90 or 95).   (www.answers.com) An LEDs turn-on-time is the time needed by the device to turn from OFF state to ON state. Time needed to emit the light, after applying the electricity. LEDs are very fast devices and its turn-on time is 0.0001S or 0.1mS. Polymer light emitting diodes (PLED) uses an electro luminescent conductive polymer that emits light when connected to a power supply. PLEDs need very small amount of electricity to emit light and therefore they are considered to be very efficient. A polymer light emitting diode use ionic liquids as one its active material. Usually polymer light emitting diode has fast turn on time. 6. Improved Efficiencies in LED LED efficiency can be improved by paying attention on packaging, chip structure and positive voltage applying. White LEDs are usually considered to be more efficient that the other Red, Green, Blue colour LEDs. White light in LED can be produced in two ways. One method is, using three individual LEDs which producing the primary colours and then mixing them to produce the white light. Another method is, using the principle which is using in fluorescent lights, a phosphor material is used to convert light from UV or blue LED to white light. The luminous efficiency of blue/UV chip and the conversion efficiency of phosphorous determine the efficiency of white LED. Luminous efficiency is highly influenced by temperature and current. Efficiency of LEDs fall with the increasing current. This effect is called droop. When operating temperature increases from 327K to 380K, the luminous efficiency dropped by 20%. When the temperature is rising, the radiation at the potential decreases which eventually cause a decrease in luminous efficiency. When operating current rises from 0mA to 350mA, the luminous efficiency of LED tend to be decreased by 35%. When current increases, more and more non-stable electrons diffuse out of potential well, thus decreasing the luminous efficiency. We can improve the luminous efficiency of a LED by improving the heat dissipation efficiency and increasing the width of potential well. Working condition of a LED should be under limited temperature and moderate current. The heat generated in the LED, reduces the efficiency of lighting performance. A good packing technology is the way to solve the heat dissipation problem. But developing a heat dissipation technology for reducing the LEDs working temperature is a real challenge. The efficiency and reliability of an LED depends on the thermal dissipation of an LED, because the heat generated in the junction affect the performance and effective operation of LED. LED efficiency can be improved by LED packaging. But, we need to over come the challenges facing in packaging stage to reach the desired efficiency. The challenges facing in packaging are colour consistency of light emitting, multi-chip packaging etc. Packaging technology used for high power LED are more complex and costly. In addition to packaging, chip structure and positive voltage also play a role in LED efficiency. Efficiency can be achieved if positive voltage can be controlled in a very small range. 7.Studies of radiation damage in solar cells and LEDs Solar cells Solar cells or photovoltaic (PV) cells are devices which converts solar light to electricity. Working principle of a solar cell is just opposite to that of LED. A solar cell converts light to electricity while a LED converts electricity to light. In a solar cells, photovoltaic effect generates electricity. Solar cells are made up of semiconductor materials like silicon. When light hits on a solar cell, some portion of a light is absorbed by silicon material. That means, the energy in the light is shifted to the semi conductor material. This energy excites the electrons and make them to break the covalent bond, Breaking of covalent bonds in an atom results in free electrons. This free electrons start flowing and the flow of free electrons cause a current flow in the solar cell. A group of solar cells are electrically connected to form a frame called solar panels. A solar panels are grouped to form large solar arrays. When sunlight hits the semiconductor, the electrons from P-type semiconductor springs up and is attracted towards the N-type semiconductor. This make negative charges in the N-type semiconductor and more positive charges in P-type semiconductor. Thus electricity is generated due to the flow of electrons. This is called photovoltaic effect. Radiation damage Radiation damage is the physical damage occurs to devices (solar cell or LED) in a radiation environment. Visible light, also known as electromagnetic radiation, does not damage soalr cells or LED normally. But exposing to ultra violet (UV) light , which has more energy, can damage the cells overtime. Output parameters of the devices are affected by radiation damage. Radiation damage in solar cells and LEDs occur when highly massive particles like electrons, protons, or ions come in contact with semi conductor materials. The source of the highly massive particles may be nuclear reactions, gamma rays, space radiation etc. The particles having mass and energy can interact with materials in different ways, such as inelastic collision with electrons in a material, inelastic collisions with nucleus and elastic collisions with nucleus. Ionisation and atomic displacement are the two categories of radiation damage that occur to solar cells and LEDs. Ionisation : Ionisation is the process when an atom becomes an ion. It happens, when electrons lose from an outer orbit or extra electrons are added to atom structure. High energy radiation cause ionisation in materials. The use of silicon is solar cells and LEDs cause a range of ionisation related radiation effects such as increased leakage current, decreased gain etc. Atomic displacement : When a fast particles collide with a crystal, silicon atoms may get displaced from their lattice structure. And this displacement may damage the silicon solar cells. Silicon Solar cell damage There are different method to measure silicon solar cell damage. One method is by measuring the irradiation changes occurring in a solar cell and can be explained using basic solar cell equation. This method require data such as series resistance, shunt resistance, current generated by light and diode parameters such as saturation current and quality factor of diode. Solar cell damage can also be measured by observing the change in minority carrier diffusion length. And this method is widely used because diffusion length is measurable. But there are many disadvantage to this method. One serious disadvantage is damage caused due to low energy protons. Low energy protons do a significant damage to the PN junction of a solar cell. This irregular damage increases the saturation and quality factor of the diode. This damage can cause a significant decrease in voltage. The output parameters of a solar cell can be described using the formula Isc  =  Isc0  Ã‚  C  log (1 +  Phi  /  Phix)  , where Isc is the cell short circuit current Phix is the radiation fluence at which Isc starts to change C is the Constant indicates the decrease in Isc per decade The relation between solar cell short circuit current and diffusion length can be represented as Isc  =  A  lnL  +  B. Solar cells are more prone to radiation damage in space. The degradation of cover glass material of solar cell in space is more. Ionisation cause more damage to covering material than atom displacement. Ionisation in material are directly depend on the radiation absorbed. Solar cells are usually made up of Si and GaAs which are more prone to radiation. Replacing these semiconductor material with InP during manufacturing is the best way to reduce damage due to radiation. InP is more resistant to radiation that Si or GaAs. InP substrate constructed with high carrier concentration has superior radiation resistance. LEDs are also prone to displacement damage. Shorter wave length AlGaAs and GaAs LEDs emitting light in the region 800-900nm are more prone to radiation damage. Manufacturing LEDs with higher wavelength is the answer to this radiation problem. 8. CONCLUSION LED lights are widely using these days commercially. The main advantage of LED is its reduced power consumption. They are highly efficient, cost effective, durable and long lasting. Inventions like quantum dot and Ionic Liquids in Nano Technology field, bring significant changes in Lighting. Quantum Dot LEDS are more efficient than normal LEDs, QLEDs use nano crystals as their lighting materials. Use of gold or silver nano particles increases the luminescence emitted from the QLEDs. Introduction of Ionic Liquids, changed the appearance of LED lights. Ordinary LED lights produces a harsh white lights. Implementing a layer of ionic liquids to the LED light, produces a warm light. Researches were made to find the ways of improving the efficiencies of LED. When expose to space radiation solar cells and LEDs are more prone to damages. And it reduces the life span of these devices. Researches are still continuing in the field of nano technology, searching for finding new methods to improve the efficiency of lighting devices.

Networking Computers :: Technology Business

There are many kinds of networks, however this paper will be about networking computers. As we move further and further into the paperless society, the need for people to be connected and able to exchange data just as fast as they could by handing a paper to someone increases. This can be accomplished by having a group of computers connected by a network, so that as soon as data is entered into one computer, it can be immediately accessed by someone else on a connected computer, no matter how far away it may be (though usually it is in the same building). There is much work involved in this and it in includes a lot of math, from equations to basic problems. This report will be based around the mathematical aspects of setting up a network.The first mathematical question in setting up a network is very basic. How many computers will be connected to this network and how many guest computers might come on at one time is the question. An example of a guest computer is if someone brought a laptop and connected it for a short while to download or access data. To find the answer to the question, simply count the desktop computers that will be connected and how many guest computers you expect to be connected at one time. The second mathematical problem that occurs is best solved using an algebraic equation. Let x=the amount of desktop computers that will always be connected, y=the amount of guest computers that you expect to be connected at one time. So, the equation is: x+y+1. The one added on the end of the equation is another guest file just to make sure you don't fall short. So, this tells you how many files you need to create. The guest files will all be generically named so that all guests have the same access privileges, and all the permanent computers will have their own named file so they can have more personalized access privileges. These files are put on one main computer, the server. This controls all access privileges and any data put into a computer branching off from it in it's network can be accessed from this all-powerful server computer. The previously stated problems are a large part of networking, although I couldn't possibly tell about all the math involved without going on for another 3 or 4 pages.

Frankenstein: a Psychological Analysis Essay

What truly makes Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein an entertaining novel, in my opinion, is the mental development of each of the characters throughout the story. The best way to display such psychological progress is to compare events and thoughts from the book to Sigmund Freud’s theories on the conscience. Freud’s â€Å"id† is shown through primitive actions of certain characters; those that involve little judgment and rely on instincts rather than informed decisions. The â€Å"ego† can be observed through basic thoughts and decisions that are made without the influence of conscience. The â€Å"super-ego† is, in fact, conscious thought itself, often characterized by the guilt or other feelings that come as a result of the â€Å"id† and â€Å"ego†. As you will see, Freudian theory has an important place in the literary masterpiece that is Frankenstein. While the idea of the â€Å"id† is probably the least prevalent of the three in Frankenstein, it still plays a major role in shaping the characters, most specifically, Frankenstein’s monster. Id† is most commonly applied to instinctual actions and those taken simply out of a need for survival and instant gratification. The monster finds himself satisfying his â€Å"id† when teaching himself the basic means of living and human action. These skills give him what he needs to live and obtain his necessities, but contribute nothing to his ultimate consciousness. Much as the â€Å"id† is associated with primitive inhuman desires, Frankenstein’s monster takes on a bestial and primitive image. Next among the three parts of Freud’s psychic apparatus is â€Å"ego†. â€Å"Ego† is applied to the organized and realistic part of a character’s mentality and, unlike the â€Å"id†, requires judgment and next-level thinking. Victor Frankenstein’s willing development into a scientifically learned being and then his venture into creating life from inanimate body parts accurately shows the more advanced, yet still somewhat surface, thought process of an â€Å"ego†-influenced being. Additionally, it is Frankenstein’s â€Å"ego† that distances him from his family and friends. At this point he has the capacity to make decisions and act on them, but not consider or feel what might come out of them. Victor Frankenstein’s â€Å"ego† soon turns into â€Å"super-ego† as the consequences of his actions become visible. The â€Å"super-ego† plays the moral role of the three, allowing for emotional comprehension of the events that unfold. Guilt seems to be a common thread between the â€Å"super-egos† of Frankenstein and his monster. Victor is overwhelmed with guilt upon realizing that his creation is responsible for the deaths of his brother, father, friend, and wife. He even seeks a temporary release from the guilt in isolation and appreciation of nature. The monster finds himself in a very similar situation, facing the guilt of actually killing the ones that Frankenstein loved, and thus reducing his creator’s life to one without substance or anything to be emotionally attached to. Obviously, the mental punishment of guilt plays a large role in forming the â€Å"super-egos† of both protagonist and antagonist. Freud’s theories on the subconscious and conscience set the foundation for Shelley’s novel. His â€Å"id† characterizes the monster’s initial struggle for survival in an unfamiliar world. His â€Å"ego† is played out by Frankenstein’s obsession with biological sciences and later creation of a monster. His â€Å"super-ego† encompasses the basic actions taken in the previous two, but also adds an ethical and emotionally conscious element to the consequences. It is apparent that Sigmund Freud’s structural model of the psyche almost perfectly outlines the basic psychological activities in and between the characters of Frankenstein.

American Literary Periods

American Literary Periods American literature does not easily lend itself to classification by time period. Given the size of the United States and its varied population, there are often several literary movements happening at the same time. However, this hasnt stopped literary scholars from making an attempt. Here are some of the most commonly agreed upon periods of American literature from the colonial period to the present. The Colonial Period (1607–1775) This period encompasses the founding of Jamestown up to a decade before the Revolutionary War. The majority of writings were historical, practical, or religious in nature. Some writers not to miss from this period include Phillis Wheatley, Cotton Mather, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet, and John Winthrop. The first Slave Narrative, A Narrative of the Uncommon Sufferings, and Surprizing Deliverance of Briton Hammon, a Negro Man, was published during this period, in 1760 Boston. The Revolutionary Age (1765–1790) Beginning a decade before the Revolutionary War and ending about 25 years later, this period includes the writings of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. This is arguably the richest period of political writing since classical antiquity. Important works include the â€Å"Declaration of Independence,† The Federalist Papers, and the poetry of Joel Barlow and Philip Freneau. The Early National Period (1775–1828) This era in American literature is responsible for notable first works, such as the first American comedy written for the stage- The Contrast by Royall Tyler, written in 1787- and the first American Novel- The Power of Sympathy by William Hill, written in 1789. Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and Charles Brockden Brown are credited with creating distinctly American fiction, while Edgar Allan Poe and William Cullen Bryant began writing poetry that was markedly different from that of the English tradition. The American Renaissance (1828–1865) Also known as the Romantic Period in America and the Age of Transcendentalism, this period is commonly accepted to be the greatest of American literature. Major writers include Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville.  Emerson, Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller are credited with shaping the literature and ideals of many later writers. Other major contributions include the poetry of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and the short stories of Melville, Poe, Hawthorne, and Harriet Beecher Stowe. Additionally, this era is the inauguration point of American literary criticism, lead by Poe, James Russell Lowell, and William Gilmore Simms. The years 1853 and 1859 brought the first novels written by African-American authors, both male and female:  Clotel, by William Wells Brown  and Our Nig, by Harriet E. Wilson. The Realistic Period (1865–1900) As a result of the American Civil War, Reconstruction and the age of industrialism, American ideals and self-awareness changed in profound ways, and American literature responded.  Certain romantic notions of the American Renaissance were replaced by realistic descriptions of American life, such as those represented in the works of William Dean Howells, Henry James, and Mark Twain. This period also gave rise to regional writing, such as the works of Sarah Orne Jewett, Kate Chopin, Bret Harte, Mary Wilkins Freeman, and George W. Cable. In addition to Walt Whitman, another master poet, Emily Dickinson, appeared at this time. The Naturalist Period (1900–1914) This relatively short period is defined by its insistence on recreating life as life really is, even more so than the realists had been doing in the decades before. American Naturalist writers such as Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London created some of the most powerfully raw novels in American literary history. Their characters are victims who fall prey to their own base instincts and to economic and sociological factors. Edith Wharton wrote some of her most beloved classics, such as The Custom of the Country (1913), Ethan Frome (1911), and The House of Mirth (1905) during this time period. The Modern Period (1914–1939) After the American Renaissance, the Modern Period is the second most influential and artistically rich age of American writing. Its major writers include such powerhouse poets as E.E. Cummings, Robert Frost, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams, Marianne Moore, Langston Hughes, Carl Sandburg, T.S. Eliot, Wallace Stevens, and Edna St. Vincent Millay. Novelists and other prose writers of the time include Willa Cather, John Dos Passos, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, Gertrude Stein, Sinclair Lewis, Thomas Wolfe, and Sherwood Anderson. The Modern Period contains within it certain major movements including the Jazz Age, the Harlem Renaissance, and the Lost Generation. Many of these writers were influenced by World War I and the disillusionment that followed, especially the expatriates of the Lost Generation. Furthermore, the Great Depression and the New Deal resulted in some of America’s greatest social issue writing, such as t he novels of Faulkner and Steinbeck, and the drama of Eugene O’Neill. The Beat Generation (1944–1962) Beat writers, such as Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, were devoted to anti-traditional literature, in poetry and prose, and anti-establishment politics. This time period saw a rise in confessional poetry and sexuality in literature, which resulted in legal challenges and debates over censorship in America. William S. Burroughs and Henry Miller are two writers whose works faced censorship challenges. These two greats, along with other writers of the time, also inspired the counterculture movements of the next two decades. The Contemporary Period (1939–Present) After World War II, American literature has become broad and varied in terms of theme, mode, and purpose. Currently, there is little consensus as to how to go about classifying the last 80 years into periods or movements- more time must pass, perhaps, before scholars can make these determinations. That being said, there are a number of important writers since 1939 whose works may already be considered â€Å"classic† and who are likely to become canonized.  Some of these very established names are:  Kurt Vonnegut, Amy Tan, John Updike, Eudora Welty, James Baldwin, Sylvia Plath, Arthur Miller, Toni Morrison, Ralph Ellison, Joan Didion, Thomas Pynchon, Elizabeth Bishop, Tennessee Williams, Philip Roth, Sandra Cisneros, Richard Wright, Tony Kushner, Adrienne Rich, Bernard Malamud, Saul Bellow, Joyce Carol Oates, Thornton Wilder, Alice Walker, Edward Albee, Norman Mailer, John Barth, Maya Angelou, and Robert Penn Warren.

Hendrik Spruyt and ChaparlesTilly Present Different Arguments essays

Hendrik Spruyt and ChaparlesTilly Present Different Arguments essays The rise of the modern system of states is a contentious topic among International Relations scholars. Schools of thought differ in both their explanation of when the new system had its origins and why it prospered over other systems of international organization. In this essay I shall examine two of such arguments, Hendrik Spruyts Economic Rational argument as presented in his article Institutional Selection in International Relations: State Anarchy as Order, and Charles Tillys realist portrayal of War Making and State Making as Organised Crime. Spruyts article concentrates on the question of why the sovereign state triumphed over the other forms of organization. In doing so it outlines a series of internal and external elements that make the sovereign territorially defined state a superior alternative to city-states or city-leagues. Tilly focuses more on explaining the system of states, using a helpful analogy depicting the system as an organised crime racket. He focuses on the question of what makes states, concluding, with his realist argument that war is the determining factor. Both articles provide plausible arguments in particular instances but neither argument can sustain a convincing case in other instances making it hard to distinguish any favour between the two. I would suggest that both arguments lack the real convincing power to explain the system of states origins, the systems development over time and the current position of the worlds system of states, as it exists today. In effect, what this question asks is why, at various times and in differing contexts, individuals and groups believe one political form rather than another is best suited to advance their interests. Hendrick Spruyt recognises the existence of city-leagues, city-states and territorially defined sovereign states and through Gilpins epigraph he expresses his reasoni...

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at - Essay Example The day when I got a chance to see the show was on March 21 at 7.30 P.M. Romeo and Juliet is the greatest love story ever told. Most English literatures recognize the ironic love story. Its setting is on the Prohibition Era in Chicago. It is a family drama of the timelessness of forbidden love. The strong desires of Romeo and Juliet are hindered by a deadly organized crime feud. A dilemma comes into the light whether to choose family or their love. It is a tragic romance. Audiences are usually challenged to examine not only the unfolding of passion but also the inevitability of fate. This makes it a very interesting play to watch and anyone who had the chance to visit the college’s Theatre had no other choice. The plot in many great works usually contains some very basic ingredients. There has to be the initial situation, conflict, complication, climax, suspense, denouement, and conclusion. The play followed all the fundamental elements. The explanation of each one of them is as follows There is a family feud between the Capulet and the Montague servants. The play opens when one of the Capulet servants signals to the Montague servants using a simple hand gesture. Unfortunately, this leads to a full-out fight. The Prince becomes so furious and points out that anyone who will be held holding a public fight would be put to death. On another part of the stage, the two lovers are introduced. Juliet is a young girl aged thirteen –years old; she belongs to the Capulet side. Romeo, on the other hand, represents the Montague side. He is supposedly head over heels in love with a girl called Rosaline. Rosaline though was too busy for him. Romeo crashes into a Capulet Party has hopes amidst hope that he would be able to have a glimpse on Rosaline. Instead, he sees Juliet and it was love, at first sight. They talk for a maximum of five minutes before starting to make out. The conflict occurs when

Federal law enforcement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Federal law enforcement - Essay Example he study is to be able to present the actions and improvements in security measures that are done by the different bureaus that are in charge of the law enforcement in the United States concentrating mainly in the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency. In the United States, it can be observed that the law enforcement is dependent on the jurisdictions of the different groups that are responsible for implementing the laws that can be classified on the basis of the locality, the state and national concerns. In the study undertaken which is directed to the attack in the World Trade Center, being a national and international concern, the major law enforcers of the US are put into focus and scrutiny. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Secret Service and the Central Intelligence Agency are the main groups that are responsible for keeping the American land and the population residing in its territory safe and free from harm specifically terrorism. In the event of such tragedy, the sufficiency of the actions and measures that are undertaken to fight crimes such law enforcement groups is in question. For that matter, a study on the actions undertaken to improve the security implemented is in need not only to determine the efficiency of the said groups but to improve the confidence of the population. The specific functions and actions on the improvement of the said bureaus are then the main issue explored in the study. The Federal Bureau of Investigation is one of the most important divisions in the US Federal Government with the main mission to uphold the law and protect the people from different types of threats. For that matter, it is considered as one of the main responsible authorities in the September 11 World Trade Center attack due to the expressed priority of the said group to protect the United States from attacks of the terrorists (â€Å"Quick Fact† FBI). Based on the study

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Aging Healthy and Securely Essay Example for Free

Aging Healthy and Securely Essay Abstract Every individual reaches prime of life. Inevitably, we can not escape old age, unless a person dies young. The decision of where to live is one of the most challenging ordeals to cope with as one grows old. As the elderly individual grows old, their time on this earth becomes very valuable, thus, they want to spend their remaining lives securely and healthy.   Accordingly, it is of great importance that the government should provide housing options which recognize the value placed upon the latter years of ones’ life. Most importantly, housing programs must be created which answers the need for health care and security as well. One best program that this paper wishes to propose is to put up a housing community which incorporates the two most important needs of an elderly- medical attention and safety. The target population for this program would be those elderly individuals, particularly those in poor health, who can not afford to seek nursing care as well as those who do not have family members whom could attend to their needs. The selection of these elderly individuals whom the housing units will tend will be based on family backgrounds, economic status, financial capacity and other material details collated by an assigned committee. If funded sufficiently, this project will answer the needs for elderly housing and elderly care given the rapid growth in elderly population having the need of integrated services since the costs of isolated services are too high. Statement of Purpose To combat the problems introduced above, the (Name of submitting organization), proposes to have an elderly housing and health care program. As the elderly population continues to grow in number, and accordingly the need for adequate elderly housing services build up, the resources to offer services will drop off (Travis, 2006). Looking for a more effective technique of service delivery is of extreme importance. At the moment, on the other hand, the existing connections between elderly health and housing are weak at best. Seldom can you find a successful yet reasonably priced housing program that incorporates efficient health care for the elderly. In view of that, the most pleasing and most cost-efficient method of aging — aging in place — is not easy to attain, even under the most ideal conditions. Health and housing concerns of an elderly individual are frequently interconnected. To improve an effective method of service delivery, the long-term care system must mirror this interrelationship between health and housing. For this reason, the (Name of submitting organization) will propose to develop a stimulating and competent initiative for elderly housing with health care in the economically distressed neighborhood in Washington. This elderly housing and health care program will provide medical attention to the elderly individuals especially those who are weak or sick and at the same time the housing units will securely roofed them as they spend their precious years. The main objective of this program is to offer housing for the elderly since one of the most depressing problem that Washington now faces is the lack of elderly housing. What is more, this program aims to provide health care that the elderly individuals need. Similarly, the main goal of this program is to increase housing options for the elderly individuals. With this program sufficiently funded, it is expected that the outcome would be to have a health-friendly environment which eventually would lead to healthier and safer elderly individuals. Moreover, elderly individuals who have health problems or are looking for information concerning housing options must be able to get in touch with an on-site resident manager or with other program members on duty and be given the support and care that they need. The elderly housing and health program would surely bring about loads of benefits for the elderly individuals. As a result, problems like untimely death of elderly, increase in mortality rates, widespread of diseases, population congestion, increase in the number of persons with poor health conditions and other dilemmas related to elderly housing and health care would be worked out. Statement of Need   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over and above the unpredictability of aging, one must be concerned with the actuality that the average life expectancy for the elderly is increasing, which results to higher possibility that the elderly these days will have to cope with some sort of chronic health condition.   For this reason, one’s ability to keep up the well-being and self-sufficiency while living out one’s abridged life tends to become a very expensive aim. This expense has an unfortunate effect on the majority of the elderly owing to the decreases in income after retirement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The elderly population is fast expanding while the core tax-paying population is decreasing. As the elderly population increases, and consequently the need for adequate elderly housing services intensify, the resources to offer services will drop off. There 34 million Americans over the age of 65. On average they constitute 10 to 13 percent of each state’s population. Those states with the highest concentration of the elderly are Florida, the northeastern region and the Midwestern corridor. Nevertheless, the number of elderly in Washington becomes alarming as well as its number rapidly increases. In 55 years, the number of people aging 65 years and above will more than double, the number of those 75 and older will triple and the number of people 85 and older will quintuple. The elderly population is projected to multiply twice as much in size to well over 70 million by 2025. The states that will experience the greatest growth in the number of residents over the age of 65 are in the west and south. As a percent of the total state population, states in the west and southwest will experience the greatest increases ( Lawler, 2001). Nearly all seniors own the homes in which they reside. The home-ownership rate for individuals between the age of 62 and 74 is 81.2 percent; between the ages of 75 and 84, it remains high at 76.9 percent. As these homeowners age and their bodies become weaker, the regular maintenance and preservation of a home can become bodily demanding to manage. As the health needs of an aging senior and the repair needs of an aging house increase, both place necessitates on the fixed income of a retiree (Lawler, 2001). The lack of housing for the elderly is one of the most depressing problems Washington DC is facing today. This situation exists because lesser priority is given to this problem. External researches reveal that there may be housing for the elderly like home for the aged yet it does not have the comprehensive health care program. Just the same, health care programs do not provide proper housing needs of the elderly. Hence, the program proposed above incorporates the housing and health care needs of the elderly individuals. In line with this dilemma, the Housing and Urban Development had also been advocating projects which concern elderly housing. The Section 202 program gives capital advances (no interest loans that are forgiven given that affordability requirements are met for 40 years) and Project Rental Assistance Contracts (PRACs) for the construction or extensive rehabilitation and operation of residential projects and other related facilities for the elderly. Housing financed under this program may consist of proper support services for elderly persons who are weak or at risk of being institutionalized. A possible problem that may arise in connection with this project would be the difficulty on selecting potential participants or elderly who will benefit the project. Moreover, not all elderly in need may be facilitated or accepted since the project is just starting out. The number of elderly individuals that could be accommodated will be limited. The Aging Healthy and Securely program aims to solve the problems presented above. The (Name of submitting Organization) wishes to complete the project, financially supported by the government, within the time allotted for the aforementioned project. We expect the fervent involvement or support of the HUD, State Housing Authority, city funds and other related organizations. Procedures Washington is one of the many cities faced with problems on elderly housing. The elderly population rate is overwhelming. Over 33 million people in the United States are now above 65 years of age and by the year 2020 it will increase to about 53 million, or one in every six Americans. To add, a great number of these elderly individuals need nursing care or health care. In spite of the relationship between health and housing, the health concerns of an aging individual are attended to by one agency or set of services while the same individual’s housing concerns are tackled by different sets of nonprofit and/or government organizations. This separation is directly related to the way the housing and health industries were planned and considered and continue to function in distinct markets. While the private sector has created a greater number of models that unite both health and housing services, the public sector has continued to branch out the two. Public subsidies are intended to create either health or housing services but not both. Government-sponsored health programs and housing programs were devised to give off distinct public goods (Burkhardt, 1999). They were formed in isolation, as different line items in local, state and federal governments. Public housing programs and government mortgage subsidies were shaped to increase the number of inexpensive and sufficient housing units. The public system of health services was set up to support general public health and well-being, to offer health care for the very poor and to lessen the possibility of an outbreak or epidemic. The undertakings of public health and housing agencies were not only independent but mutually exclusive. From the information and figures presented at the current time, the future for the elderly individuals appear vague and unclear The need for a healthy, safe and decent reasonably priced housing and related services for the elderly is very critical. This alarming statistics gave the drive to (Name of the submitting Organization) come up with housing community consisting of 40 rooms (ten for offices and 30 for the elderly) which not only shelter these individuals but also provide staff that could attend to their health needs. Approach Driven by the best intentions, the (Name of the submitting Organization) envisions the program to be multifaceted, wide-ranging and innovative. The city has an immense necessity for additional reasonably priced or affordable housing for the elderly. The (Name of the submitting Organization) had identified a strategic location and will put up a 30 units/rooms elderly housing community. The location in which the housing community will be located is one sit which elderly housing has been identified as an essential need. Above and beyond the transitional housing, there will be a wide-ranging medical and social service and housing component involved in the program. Albeit the Washington state has homes for the aged, there is difficulty in looking for an elderly housing which is affordable and provides health care at its best.   Most of the new constructed buildings in the city are for market rate units or commercial ones. This will have no effect on the increasing elderly population requiring housing and health assistance. There great numbers of depreciated buildings or deserted residences which if given attention and financed adequately, can be converted into elderly housing units. Target Population/Participants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The target population for the Aging Healthy and Securely program are those elderly individuals who are in need of medical or nursing assistance and who can not afford to stay in expensive elderly housing and health care units. To note worthwhile, the program will house those physically, financially and economically underprivileged elderly individuals with ages of 65 years and above. Elderly individuals with ages 60-64 years may be selected provided their illnesses call for immediate rehabilitation and care. Selection and screening of these elderly will not be very easy for the staff members assigned or the selection group. The selection of those individuals will be based on the family backgrounds, economic status, health records, financial capacity and other details or information material to the program’s criteria collated by an assigned committee. Materials or records from the following may be used to select those elderly individuals that may be housed; community or local agencies like health centers/hospitals for medical records, National Statistics Office for identification and personal records, social service and welfare agencies, public and privately-governed homeless centers, nursing homes, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, over and above being in poor health condition, the elderly individuals must have a very low income and neglected by their family members. Only the sickest and the poorest seniors will be selected for the program. All selection works are to be carried out without consideration of an individuals ethnic group, civilization, race, sex, or sexual orientation, and a statement to this effect will accompany all public service announcements, advertisements, and locally-placed flyers or posters. All selection will be done without bias and prejudice. Work Plan Activities The schedule below shows the various informative, motivational, spiritual and educational activities of the elderly housing and health care program. Morning- Evening Daily Activities * Spiritual Healing (includes praying, sharing or reading of inspirational passages)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   * Personal Hygiene check up (includes medical treatment, bath for the elderly, etc.) * Meal time (serving of food in accordance to the health diet prescribed and suggested by attending doctor and nutritionist respectively) * Leisure/Recreational (includes watching TV, socializing with co-elderly and staff, reading books, strolling, etc.) Deliverables   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Aside from the nursing and medical team whom will take care of the elderly, the housing units also observe infrastructure design and housing needs of the elderly. The building includes features like handrails or grab bars, raised lettering or Braille, elevator or stair lift, faucets, or cabinets, special sinks, specially equipped telephones, extra wide doors or hallways, ramps, push bars on doors, flashing lights, special wall sockets or light switches and the like. Sustainability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If funded sufficiently, the elderly health and housing care will tend to a lot of elderly individuals in need. After the construction of the housing units and when the operation   is on full blast already, the (Name of submitting organization) will conduct a fund-raising activities every now and then for the maintenance of the housing community. Moreover, the (Name of submitting organization) will continue to seek financial assistance from the government from time to time to meet the program’s financial obligations with the staff members as well as for the maintenance of the units and facilities. Program Activities Elderly individuals will be categorized or leveled when deciding for the room assignments. Those with chronic and contagious diseases must be isolated from the rest. Female elderly must be separated from the male elderly in terms of room occupancy. As to food serving, nutritionists must take into consideration the sickness or health conditions of these elderly. To add, attending doctors/nurses must have seminars on motivational skills every now and then to apply such I their workplace. They should encourage these elderly individuals to manifest their talents. Motivational and recreational activities must be tolerated and accordingly, the (Name of the submitting Organization) can conduct a program presenting these elderly individuals with their skills and talents. This could not only lead to a fund-raising activity but an enjoyable and remarkable activity for the elderly individuals trying to make the most out of their remaining precious years. Evaluation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The (Name of submitting organization)’s housing and health management program will be measured in terms of efficiency and performance by submitting a project report upon the end of the fiscal year. The details, figures and information presented will be accurate, material, timely, consistent and will reflect the program’s outcomes and achievements. Likewise, program’s activities will be evaluated upon the end of the fiscal year. What is more, audited financial statements will also be presented so as to monitor expenses and clearly trace the breakdown of the requested amount or the grant money. Dissemination   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The administrator, managers and board of directors as well as the staff members will promptly hold meetings and conferences to voice out problems, discuss concerns and devise plans and actions to further improve the housing and health programs suitable for the elderly and to achieve desired outcomes, objectives and goals. Performance appraisal and evaluation will likewise be conducted every now and then to measure who among the staff carries out his/her duties well and who does not. Qualifications/Personnel The community would be managed by an administrator having 4 managers, 5 department heads, 30 professional caregivers/nurses, 20 clerical and technical staff and 15 maintenance staff.   Forty employees would be working full time and the remaining 35 employees would be working part time. Selection of the staff members will be done rigidly since the main aim of the program is to deliver a quality service. Interviews, exams (technical and psychological) and background investigations will be carried out accordingly. Staff members recruited for the elderly housing and health program will be required to work efficiently as a team. Team effort is a main consideration to come up with a friendly working environment.   A lot of the staff will work with the elderly individuals in more than one assignment area and all will be expected to deliver elderly nursing care, therapy and related tasks with the group as well as a traditional elderly training and nursing roles. Each and every one of the staff members will have to spend substantial individual time developing elderly motivational and educational skills and activities or materials. With the purpose of making the team-building process possible, all elderly housing and health care staff members will take part in a one-week seminar/conference consists of workshops and deliberations paying attention on the elderly community, the nursing care provided to elderly, fund-raising activities to be done, the programs population, and the mission and goals of the project. The (Name of the submitting organization) will seek assistance from local homeless institutions or centers once in a while like (please indicate a name of existing housing institution in the city which caters to the same category). This institution had helped lots of elderly individuals concerning their housing problems. They already developed a lot of activities beneficial for the elderly individuals. This institution had been a recognized center in affordable elderly housing and care management programs. Budget   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The grant funds from the Housing and Urban Development will be utilized for the construction of new elderly community (with 30 rooms) building and some will be used for Non-Housing component of the program. The estimated elderly individuals that can be sheltered within a year would total to 200-300. The programs Administrative cost will be approximately 14 percent of the grant budget. The planning procedure has taken into consideration all realistic and reasonable expenses to be incurred in relation to the implementation of the elderly housing and health care program. The (Name of the submitting organization) has had far-reaching knowledge and experience in overseeing, implementing and directing instruction and medical/nursing or social programs and these expertise and experiences have been already applied to work out both the program and the budget. The (Name of submitting organization) had come up with a comprehensive or thorough program model which takes into consideration all of the measures and decisive factors like salaries, medical/laboratory tools and equipments, medicines, staff uniforms medicines, operational costs, overhead costs, program activities, insurances, and the like. This program model serves as the basis for the cost estimates to be incurred by the elderly and health care program. Some other costs that will be incurred will consist of motivational and recreational activities/programs, therapy and counseling/support services, management development and housing management program. The program is based on long-term goals and foresees to help a lot of elderly individual. Safety and good health will be given emphasis all throughout the program’s existence and all development in the course of the program will be anchored in competence, facility, attention and reliability. Quality service will be the aim of the staff members at all times. Condensed Housing and Urban Development grant cost breakdown is as follows: Housing Component- $100,000.00 Non-Housing Component $200,000.00 Administrative Cost $100,000.00 Total Grant Budget $400,000.00 Administrative costs consist of all of the financial and program reporting guidelines as it should be, accounting and auditing costs, payroll and secretarial work and other standard administrative costs. References Burkhardt, John. (1999). Mobility Needs in a Maturing Society. Coming of Age, Federal Agencies and the Longevity Revolution. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1999). Housing Our Elders. Washington. Kochera, Andrew. (2001). A Summary of Federal Rental Housing Programs. AARP Public Policy Institute. Lawler, Kathryn. (2001). Aging in Place, Coordinating Housing and Health Care Provision for America’s Growing Elderly Population. Fellowship Program for Emerging Leaders in Community and Economic Development. Washington: Neighborhood Reinvestment Corporation. Smith, Gary, et al. (2000). Understanding Medicaid Home and Community Services: A Primer. Department of Health and Human Services. Soldier, Travis W. Housing options for the Elderly. Retrieved June 19, 2006 from http://www.usd.edu/elderlaw/archives/housing_options_for_the_elderly.htm